These statements (#MaC) form part of the Morality as Cooperation Quiz What is morality? Where does it come from, and how does it work? And how and why do moral values vary, between individuals, and across cultures? The theory of ‘morality as cooperation’ (MAC) argues that morality is best understood as a collection of biological and cultural solutions to the problems of cooperation recurrent in human social life. MAC draws on evolutionary game theory to argue that, because there are many types of cooperation, there will be many types of morality. These include: family values, group loyalty, reciprocity, heroism, deference, fairness and property rights. Previous research suggests that these seven types of morality are evolutionarily-ancient, psychologically-distinct, and cross-culturally universal. Take the Quiz to work out what your particular mix looks like.

**People should sometimes defer to their superiors, especially if it is because you respect their knowledge or experience. But always deferring stifles the development of critical thinking skills.** - To 'defer to' someone might be thought of as letting another person decide or to accept another person's opinion in the place of your own. This [can sometimes be a good thing!] (https://hbr.org/2019/01/how-to-debate-ideas-productively-at-work) People have different areas of speciality and it's egotistical to assume that we will always be able to have the definitive say on something. - But people should absolutely not always defer to their 'superiors' — assumedly meaning those who are higher ranked/more skilled or qualified than you. When you defer to someone, you shouldn't just surrender all accountability, you seek their expertise so that you can learn & in future be more able to form your own opinions. In other cases, you could not defer but go to others to open up room for debate & refinement of ideas. - What should be avoided is the skirting of issues by simply pushing them in the direction of someone else — not only is this disempowering but it also potentially creates room for misinformation that isn't contested/questioned. Even experts get it wrong or make mistakes sometimes!